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Complications - Rectal resection, open, low anterior with total mesorectal excision (TME)

  1. Intraoperative complications

    Severing the left ureter
    This can be avoided by dissecting in the correct layers and carefully mobilizing only the mesosigmoid from laterally. Furthermore, identify the ureter but do not expose it extensively because this might injure the nerve plexus in this region. In our department we also do not pass a tape around it.

    Bleeding from the sacral plexus
    This very serious complication, which quickly can become life-threatening, is avoided by continuing the dissection only in the areolar layer of the mesorectum. If bleeding should occur, it is usually impossible to control it by suture ligatures (exception: Hemorrhage after injury to the external or internal iliac artery). In such a situation, early packing of the local field for several minutes while the blood coagulation is still stable is the better solution. Prolonged compression alone can safely control at least minor bleeding. If extensive bleeding does occur, it is recommended to complete the rectal resection under temporary compression, transect the rectum distally with the stapler, pack the lesser pelvis and, if necessary, exteriorize the stoma along the lines of a Hartmann procedure. Once the patient has stabilized and the packing can be removed later (e.g., after 2 days), the anastomosis could be constructed or deferred to a later date, depending on the condition of the patient.

    Anastomotic leakage
    The anastomosis should be constructed under direct view, and when employing a circular stapler its anvil should be secured very carefully with a purse-string suture. If there is a leak oversaw it directly, and for safety reasons construct a diverting stoma.

  2. Postoperative complications

    A frequent and problematic complication after low anterior resection is anastomotic failure This is seen in 10-20% of cases. Its frequency can be minimized by stapling a primarily tension-free anastomosis with excellent blood supply and intact integrity. If failure does occur and feces contaminates the pelvis, this will give rise to peritonitis requiring revision surgery. The situation then warrants a diverting stoma. If there is a diverting stoma and the infection is limited to the pelvis, local irrigation and drainage measures including negative pressure wound therapy (Endo-V.A.C.®) may bring about healing. As a rule, the stoma cannot be reversed during this period.